Addendum. Upon further thought, I do see your point about the skating force changing direction. When the stylus is riding in the outer grooves moving toward the one instant when it is tangent to the groove, the tracking angle error is getting narrower until it disappears momentarily at the point of tangency. Then the stylus keeps on riding toward the inner grooves, which is opening up the tracking angle error in a different direction until it reaches another maximum at the innermost groove. This would also change the direction of the skating force. My remaining point would only be that by my calculation, the max tracking angle error for underhung tonearms like the RS-A1 and the Viv is much greater than for conventional overhung tonearms. Yet, with my RS-A1, I don't hear it at all. In fact, the RS-A1 paints a smoother more coherent picture across the surface of an LP than do most overhung tonearms. That is what makes me wonder if the real "problem" with most tonearms vis a vis skating force is created by the headshell offset angle.