Chasing 60 hz hum

11-10-11: Kirkus
Actually I've experienced at least as many grounding-related problems with "double-insulated" equipment as those with safety grounds. This is because they still have leakage reactances in their power transformers, and thus AC-related currents will still flow between their chassis -- this will now be flowing wholly through the interconnect shields. And for unbalanced interconnects, the shield resistance then becomes the primary dictator of the attainable hum level.

I wholly agree that most hum problems in audio equipment are caused by poor grounding choices inside the gear. The classic expose of this is an AES paper by Neil Muncy from the early 1990s, where he coins the term "the Pin 1 problem".

If you are unable to do things correctly (i.e. use fully balanced wiring with shields tied to the chassis at the point of entry, or transformer isolate all unbalanced signals from balanced signals) then there is no guarantee that a hum free interconnect can be achieved, nor is there a definite scheme that will assure noise free operation in all configurations.

11-10-11: Kirkus
Actually I've experienced at least as many grounding-related problems with "double-insulated" equipment as those with safety grounds. This is because they still have leakage reactances in their power transformers, and thus AC-related currents will still flow between their chassis -- this will now be flowing wholly through the interconnect shields. And for unbalanced interconnects, the shield resistance then becomes the primary dictator of the attainable hum level.

And in how many cases can the problem be blamed on the manufacture of equipment for not checking for the proper AC orientation of the primary winding of the transformer.....