MP3, WAV,AAC,Audible,AIFF,Apple Lossless

I can't help you with a total list but WAV is not compressed and lossless would be next.

Any lossless format - typically Apple Lossless and EAC - and any uncompressed format - ie .wav and .aiff will out perform anything but the best CD player. Two parts to the magic - first as you already surmised is the way the rip is done. But of equal importance is the decrease in jitter and other artifacts that comes when you use a hard drive as a transport instead of a CD player. Third piece of the mystery is to get the data off the hard drive using USB, Firewire, Ethernet or Toslink on certain Macs as opposed to using a soundcard and SPDIF

AAC and MP3 can be very good depending on the compression selected but are mostly used in portable devices where file size is an issue.

This isn't something I'm an expert about but since you haven't gotten any other responses I'll try to help.

The acronyms in your list aren't all compression systems. In fact the only two that do involve compression are MP3 and Audible.

In a nutshell, WAV, AAC, AIFF and Apple Lossless are audio file formats that are used for either storage or transmission and all preserve the original sound you'll get from a CD. There are those who are suspicious whether the Apple Lossless format really is lossless but I'm not oone of them. Which format you encounter will depend on who created the original file or which you choose to convert to in storing or playing your own files.

MP3 is a compression scheme that throws away some data in the interest of smaller storage or download time. How close it remains to CD quality depends on the 'bit rate' of the MP3 compression but the quality always suffers somewhat relative to the original file.

Audible is simply a proprietary 'wrapper' for MP3 files distributed by audible.com and it has the same quality constraints as MP3 files since the audio data is, in fact, in an MP3 file.