Why Single-Ended?


I’ve long wondered why some manufacturers design their components to be SE only. I work in the industry and know that "balanced" audio lines have been the pro standard (for grounding and noise reduction reasons) and home stereo units started out as single-ended designs.

One reason components are not balanced is due to cost, and it’s good to be able to get high quality sound at an affordable price.
But, with so many balanced HiFi components available these days, why have some companies not offered a fully-balanced amp or preamp in their product line?
I’m referring to fine companies such as Conrad Johnson, Consonance, Coincident, and Bob Carver’s tube amps. CJ builds amps that sell for $20-$39K, so their design is not driven by cost.

The reason I’m asking is because in a system you might have a couple of balanced sources, balanced preamp, and then the final stage might be a tube amp or monoblocks which have SE input. How much of the total signal is lost in this type of setup? IOW, are we missing out on sonic bliss by mixing balanced and unbalanced?

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Al, since I don’t see removal of even harmonics (while leaving odd harmonics intact) as an advantage, then the only thing that speaks for Fully balanced amp is better noise rejection in comparison to amp with True balanced input. Balanced input of my amp goes to instrumentation amp (THAT1200) that has CMRR of 90dB@60Hz and 85dB@20kHz. I don’t believe that it can be achieved without cross-feedback in Fully balanced amp. 90dB would be equivalent to overall gain setting (all stages) resistors matching to 0.003%. This cannot be done (be stable) even with multiturn trimpots, etc. Perhaps Fully balanced design offers better rejection at higher frequencies, but I doubt it - frequency response of both halves would have to be identical. 

Perhaps it is achievable using differential stages, but unless gain setting resistors are not on the same substrate stable 90dB does not seem possible.  Perhaps he is using very expensive matched resistors, but price of his amps justifies the cost of components.

I can hear the difference between different XLR ICs - perhaps Ralph was talking about matched 600ohm input/output designs that I’m not familiar with. In any case, it is valid for both True balanced and Fully balanced.
Again, I would buy an amp if it sounds good and not because it is Fully balanced. If anything, I would avoid fully balanced amps as too complex (too many parts to fail).

bdp2The Tim Paravicini-designed EAR-Yoshino tube circuits are all single ended, the pre-amps and power amps having transformers on the XLR/balanced inputs and outputs.
This brings up an interesting concept that I have been thinking about. In the case of a SE designed preamp, what would be the preferred way to send the signal to the amp; use unbalanced RCA cables, or go thru transformers with XLR’s which will be converting the signal back to single-ended? And depending on the type of transformer, the gain may be increased on the output, or it may be a 1:1 conversion. Seems like an unnecessary step.

But if the preamp was fully differential, then it would be advantagous to output a balanced signal to the amp’s XLR/balanced inputs.
Am I correct?
Converting single ended - balanced - single ended using transformers, makes sense if you have a lot of electrical noise and connection is long. Otherwise transformers won’t add anything positive to sound. They will introduce some low frequency distortions. If your preamp and amp are both differential you still might like single ended connection more. (my power amp has only balanced input - I had no choice).  XLR cable's shield is grounded on both ends shorting that way chassis and possibly creating ground loops.
DB, yes, it appears that the JC2 BP does not provide a tape loop or anything equivalent, so assuming you have more than one source I don’t see a way of connecting the KUBE into the system other than between the preamp and power amp.

Kijanki, thanks. It’s interesting, though, that the Pass amps which are fully balanced and therefore presumably have minimal even order distortion (for example, John Atkinson’s measurements of the XA30.5 state that its "THD is almost pure third harmonic") seem to generally be considered as having a sonic character that is a bit on the warm side. As always, there are countless factors that contribute to the sonic character of a design, in addition to its basic topology.  And therefore, as you said, "I would buy an amp if it sounds good and not because it is fully balanced."

Best regards,
-- Al

Thanks Al,  Third harmonic, that supposed to be euphonic, will be the same in fully balanced or single ended design.  Removal of the even harmonics cannot make amplifier sound "warmer".  It is achieved by reducing higher order odd harmonics produced by the amp.  It is likely related to excellent design and not topology itself.