Balanced vs. Unbalanced Inputs


I am trying to upgrade to a differentially balanced phono stage to compliment my Pass XP-22 pre and Pass X250.8 amp so as to minimize long cable artifacts and benefit from CMR. I do understand the it is the circuitry and not the input connection that determines wether a signal is balanced or not. I am looking at both a Pass XP-27 and AR Phono 3SE as possible options. Both have RCA inputs plus a ground post only. No XLR inputs. 

As far as my understanding goes, a balanced cable must have 2 signal conductors, a hot (+) and a cold (-) PLUS a ground for EACH channel. So, I sent an email to Pass Labs as follows:  

 ".... I want to confirm that there are TWO signal conductors PLUS a ground for each channel. Specifically, on each of     the RCA inputs, do the center pins and the shields carry the hot (+) and cold (-) signals respectively while the grounding wire/grounding post becomes the tone arm/turntable chassis ground connection common to BOTH channels? "

This was the response:
     "No. RCA shield and ground lug are contiguous connections."

But on the pass website is the following:
     "In order to minimize ground loop issues Pass Labs never manufactures equipment with signal ground and chassis ground contiguous."

When I email Linn about their pseudo balanced  LP12 T cable they responded with:
     "All Linn arm cables are terminated with a 5 pin DIN connector with the center pin being arm ground, which on an LP12 is also used as the chassis ground.  This is separate from the left and right channel grounds and hots which are on the other 4 pins."

Again, there is no (+) signal to be superimposed with an inverted (-) signal separate from ground for CMR. I Do have a technical background but I am not well versed on circuit design so please forgive my ignorance. I did get some very helpful advice from a member here, however, the further I inquired with the manufacturers the more confusing it became. As of now I am wary about emailing AR for fear of even more confusion. If anyone has any advice on how to proceed I would really appreciate it. Thank you all so much.

Bruce
brskie
I never said that center tap would be better for noise rejection (though it absolutely could be).
It would only be truly differential if you center tapped it and connected the shield to the center tap, such that
The parenthetical remark renders the first statement false. A center tap decreases noise rejection, at least at audio frequencies.

The second quote is certainly suspect. There is no attempt to make the connection differential, but to receive the signal properly differential techniques should be used if a high CMRR is to be expected.
Ooooh, I can see that one is going to be controversial. You seem to be saying SQ differences between different cables arise from running single-ended, as most audiophile systems do, and not from the cables themselves.
Is it going too far to draw some further conclusions from that statement:
1. All well-designed cables sound (much) the same in a balanced set-up.
2. Money spent on expensive cables is (largely) wasted in a balanced set-up. Therefore:
3. There are SQ differences due to cables in a single-ended set-up so expenditure on cables can be justified. But if you choose a balanced system, this will gain at least the same SQ improvements as buying expensive cables, but without the extra cost. Pace - I accept in principle it is more costly to build balanced amplifiers than single-ended.


C.  "your equipment must support the standard, AES48; I can tell you that hardly any high end audio gear supports the standard "

Are you saying that some amplifier hardware fitted with XLRs and said by the manufacturer to be 'fully balanced', is not fully balanced and does not support AES48? Presumably XLRs could be put on for show without the correct wiring behind? If this is correct, someone suitably qualified should start naming names.
Yes, cable manufacturers and inexplicably, many audiophiles, don't like to hear this stuff. But there is so much product out there that does not support the standard that there will be plenty of need for exotic balanced interconnect for a long time.


To be clear, I am saying that SQ differences between different cables are audible if there is no termination standard and if there are signal return currents present in the shield. So this can mean both single-ended and balanced, if the latter is improperly executed. Since that happens a lot in high end audio, we have a high end cable industry making expensive balanced line cables! Quite the opposite of how it should work.

Regarding your numbered points:
1), 2), 3) all Yes, if AES48 is observed.
C. Quite a lot of high end audio hardware has XLR connectors and are not balanced at all; the connectors are there for convenience only. Some VTLs and Lamm products are set up this way (examples I have had contact with did not have pin 3 connected to anything in the amplifier; this will introduce a buzz if the source driving that amp meets AES48 as the circuit is incomplete). Other high end audio products have XLR connectors and are fully balanced (such as ARC and mbl) but don't support the standard regardless. The mbl amp I had contact with was balanced because when it was monostrapped, you could then use the XLR input (meaning you needed two of these amps for stereo). This approach causes signal return currents to be present in the shield and results in a very low CMRR, making the connection susceptible to noise pickup and cable construction. The ARC stuff I've had contact with has had fairly high output impedances, preventing the preamp from driving anything less than about 30,000 ohms. The output was two single-ended stages that were driven out of phase with each other. This causes signal return currents to be present in the shield, and the relatively high impedance of the resulting system causes the setup to be sensitive to cable construction.

Thank you again atmasphere.

Given the haphazard wiring behind the XLRs and non-adherence to AES48 of many amps, I am indeed lucky (just that) to find my system is free from hum and other obvious non-matching artifacts and appears to have a very low noise floor - I hear nothing on no-signal until I turn the volume pot up a long way.

For reference, I (believe) I run fully balanced throughout.  Ortofon A90 on a Simon Yorke Aeroarm though a bespoke SY connection box into a van den Hul The Grail SB phono amp, Audio Research Ref 6, vintage Krell KRS200 monoblocks.

It seems wrong that getting the benefits of running fully balanced should be such an uncertain adventure.

And if nothing else, these exchanges have revealed the truth about the alleged benefits of high-end cabling.

It seems wrong that getting the benefits of running fully balanced should be such an uncertain adventure.
+1 Sure got that right. The point of the standard was/is plug and play.
"Quite a lot of high end audio hardware has XLR connectors and are not balanced at all; the connectors are there for convenience only."

What would be convenience in these cases?

I do have XLR-connected (for the lack of better understanding of what I really have) CD player to amplifier. All is quiet on that front, but now heaven knows if and to what level it is balanced and what standard, if any, it conforms to. It is really not what many would consider high-end to begin with so all odds are off.

In any case, interesting read, even somewhat understandable for dummies like me. Thank you guys.


Hi @glupson, given what atmasphere says about wiring behind the XLRs in many amps, perhaps rather than for convenience, the XLRs are there for show.

It seems to me that guys like John Atkinson should report on 'balanced' amps that are not actually wired balanced and/or do not conform with AES48 just like he reports on speakers that are 4dB less sensitive than the manufacturer's spec.  We want to ensure manufacturers are honest with their specs and that those who are not are exposed.