The amplitude portion of the musical waveform comes from the cartridge, but the frequency portion, the time element of that waveform, comes from the turntable. The most important characteristics for a turntable are stable speed accuracy and low noise. If you want to talk about turntable construction, pay attention to the motor, controller mechanism, bearing and their implementation.
The tonearm must hold the cartridge in the correct three dimensional alignment with proper down force to allow the cartridge to extract maximal information from the groove wih minimal distortion.
Without these elements you won’t get what you paid for from whatever cartridge you have