Many records have codes stamped into the deadwax which enable you to determine whether it is a first, second, etc. issue.
For example, here is a link for Pink Floyd which will enable you to determine information regarding country, issue, release date, etc. for any of their albums.
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/PFarchives/Directry.htm
This type of information is not available for ALL vinyl albums; it's only one example of what you can find with a little digging.
Good luck.