I know Cindy, plasma doesn’t scale, but Gasses in a vacuum turn into Black Holes 🙏
I completely understand where you are coming from.
Plasma scalingThe parameters of plasmas, including their spatial and temporal extent, vary by many orders of magnitude. Nevertheless, there are significant similarities in the behaviors of apparently disparate plasmas. It is not only of theoretical interest to understand the scaling of plasma behavior, it also allows the results of laboratory experiments to be applied to larger natural or artificial plasmas of interest. The situation is similar to testing aircraft or studying natural turbulent flow in wind tunnels. Similarity transformations (also called similarity laws) help us work out how plasma properties changes in order to retain the same characteristics. A necessary first step is to express the laws governing the system in a nondimensional form. The choice of nondimensional parameters is never unique, and it is usually only possible to achieve by choosing to ignore certain aspects of the system. One dimensionless parameter characterizing a plasma is the ratio of ion to electron mass. Since this number is large, at least 1836, it is commonly taken to be infinite in theoretical analyses, that is, either the electrons are assumed to be massless or the ions are assumed to be infinitely massive. In numerical studies the opposite problem often appears. The computation time would be intractably large if a realistic mass ratio were used, so an artificially small but still rather large value, for example 100, is substituted. To analyze some phenomena, such as lower hybrid oscillations, it is essential to use the proper value. A commonly used similarity transformation
Hannes Alfvén suggested that, by scaling laboratory results by a factor of 109, he could extrapolate magnetospheric conditions. Another scaling jump of 109 was required to extrapolate to galactic conditions, and a third jump of 109 was required to extrapolate to the Hubble distance [2] One commonly used similarity transformation was derived for gas discharges by James Dillon Cobine (1941)[3], Alfred Hans von Engel and Max Steenbeck (1934)[4], and further applied by Hannes Alfvén and Carl-Gunne Fälthammar to plasmas.[5] They can be summarised as follows:
Similarity Transformations Applied to Gaseous Discharges and some Plasmas
This scaling applies best to plasmas with a relatively low degree of ionization. In such plasmas, the ionization energy of the neutral atoms is an important parameter and establishes an absolute energy scale, which explains many of the scalings in the table:
LimitationsWhile these similarity transformations capture some basic properties of plasmas, not all plasma phenomena scale in this way. Consider, for example, the degree of ionization, which is dimensionless and thus would ideally remain unchanged when the system is scaled. The number of charged particles per unit volume is proportional to the current density, which scales as x -2, whereas the number of neutral particles per unit volume scales as x -1 in this transformation, so the degree of ionization does not remain unchanged but scales as x -1. Astrophysical applicationAs an example, take an auroral sheet with a thickness of 1 km. A laboratory simulation might have a thickness of 10 cm, a factor of 104 smaller. To satisfy the condition of this similarity transformation, the gaseous density would have to be increased by a factor of 104 from 104 m-3 to 108 m-3 (1010 cm-3 to 1014 cm-3), and the magnetic field would have to be increased by the same factor from 50 microteslas to 500 milliteslas (0.5 gauss to 5 kilogauss). These values are large but within the range of technology. If the experiment captures the essential features of the aurora, the processes will be 104 times faster so that a pulse that takes 100 s in nature would take only 10 ms in the laboratory.
Similarity transformations applied to some astrophysical plasmas
Particle density of the Earth’s atmosphere at sea level is 1019 per cm3
The table shows the properties of some actual space plasma (see the columns labelled Actual). It also shows how other plasma properties would need to be changed, if (a) the characteristic length of a plasma were reduced to just 10 cm, and (b) the characteristics of the plasma were to remain unchanged. The first thing to notice is that many cosmic phenomena cannot be reproduced in the laboratory because the necessary magnetic field strength is beyond the technological limits. Of the phenomena listed, only the ionosphere and the exosphere can be scaled to laboratory size. Another problem is the ionization fraction. When the size is varied over many orders of magnitude, the assumption of a partially ionized plasma may be violated in the simulation. A final observation is that the plasma densities needed in the laboratory are sizeable, up to 1016 cm-3 for the ionosphere, compared to the atmospheric density of about 1019 particles per cm3. In other words, the laboratory analogy of a low density space plasma is not a “vacuum chamber”, but laboratory plasma with a pressure, when the higher temperature is taken into consideration, which can approach atmospheric pressure.
Notes
References
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@cindyment ...all plasma experiments in a laboratory setting have shown Linear Scaling that is directly proportional to energy input. I must have missed it, but can you direct me to any experiments on Earth that have turned Gasses in a vacuum into mini Black Holes (I’ll even settle for microscopic, or subatomic) Must be a very easy thing to do, considering the almost unlimited amounts of money afforded to Standard Gravitational model scientists.
Quick question....Do you ever hold your own side to your own standard of evidence? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Myself i cannot judge the validity of these ideas to the cosmos for sure... Then i let you argue... I only know that we dont know what electricty is... Is electricity could explain something in cosmology .... Probably... Is electrical model valid for cosmology? i dont know....But i guess being not a scientist that there is something in it... I cannot go further save for this... Recent discoveries ( Gobeke tepli) EXPLODE completely our understanding of the past... One thing is almost certain, ancient mythologies reflect our ancestors experiences in symbolic coding more truthfully than British anthropology from Frazer for example suggested to us at the times... «Hamlet’s Mill: An Essay Investigating the Origins of Human Knowledge and Its Transmission Through Myth (first published by Gambit, Boston, 1969) by Giorgio de Santillana (a professor of the history of science at MIT) and Hertha von Dechend (a scientist at Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität) is a nonfiction work of history and comparative mythology» This is only an exemple.... This book is very erudite and cannot be read lightly at all... It is already an old book , criticized at the times but not by all authorities... Gobeke tepli discovery and his revelations go in the direction of this book thesis... Than rejecting myths in the fantasy basket is ridiculous and non scientific at all.... There is actually a COMPLETE REVOLUTION about our understanding of our own history.... One of the main discovery is about the fact that our ancestors were very pragmatic not only dreamers of fantasy painting walls... Science illuminate by new hypothesis the " ancient mysteries" around the mediterranean sea teachings for example and for the first time we begin to understand what is behind the monotheistic religions... Interesting times on all fields...
«Did we just not discover a Mc Intosh amplifier in a pyramid?»-Groucho Marx 🤓 « Almost better than that, we uncover the Antykythera mechanism brother»-Harpo Marx
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This British Centric worldview is collapsing in all directions... Banking, economics, biology, health, astronomy, physics, philosophy, history, and pretty much every fundamental question to do with life on this planet.
@mahgister These are very interesting times, it is a time of amazement, not fear. There is a revolution happening within Human Consciousness, in their desperation to impede it's progress, the ruling ideologies have only accelerated the process. Grab a chair, bring out some popcorn, and just enjoy the show :) |