Difference in sound using different carts when digitizing vinyl record?

To the OP: As you apparently realized mid way through the barrage of responses, your question is not about whether digital recordings of one cartridge vs another would reveal differences between them.  Your question is really specific to the Sugarcube and any other component that does what it does. (I am not aware of any other.)  As I now understand it, your question is whether inserting the Sugarcube  in between your phono and linestages would obscure the differences between two different phono cartridges.  Since no audio device is perfect, and since even very modern state of the art D2A and A2D is only near to perfect, I would guess that the Sugarcube MUST not be perfect.  It must alter the signal in some small ways.  Whether you can hear the difference, only you and other owners of the Sugarcube can say.

Incidentally, I own about 2500 LPs.  Nearly half of them were purchased "used", but I have very stringent criteria for purchasing used LPs when it comes to the condition of the playing surface.  I also clean my newly purchased used LPs on a VPI HW17 RCM. (I have not advanced to Ultrasonic yet.)  I just clean them once, after purchase, and maybe never again. Having taken those precautions, it is very rare for me to hear a tick or a pop during playback.  Some older LPs do have a faint "white noise" background, but that is either tape hiss from the original process or surface noise from prior use or imbedded dirt that just won't go away.  I can tune that out.  So, I'm wondering how bad could be your LPs that you feel you need the Sugarcube?  I am guessing that their customers would be mostly younger newbies to vinyl who were nurtured on digital and have therefore become highly sensitized to the occasional (or rare) tick or pop. That's no slur on you;  I only wish I were still young enough to fall into that category.

Ok, as promised, here are the files:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/opg3udisptsys73/Dire%20Straits%20Koetsu.flac?dl=0
and:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/cj8asa4xolyvxd8/Dire%20Straits%20Decca.flac?dl=0

The first file is Dire Straits´ Walk of Life played through a Koetsu Coralstone/SAEC WE 308 L combo, the second one is the same song through a Decca London Reference/SME V . Phono preamp is a Manley Steelhead. Both files have been normalised to -1 dB to nullify volume differences because of differences in output voltage of the two cartridges.
The files were digitised at 16 bits 44.1 kHz. ADC is a Metric Halo ULN8.

I would say that the most important is the Table, then the tonearm, then the cartridge.  However, I would say that the cartridge and stylus do influence the sound tremendously, more so than the table and the tonearm, but you have to have that table and tonearm first or you will never know the potential of any given cartridge. I myself feel that in my modest system, the Lyra Delos is about as much cartridge as I will ever need.  I do not have a 200K+ system where a better cartridge than that will make that much of a difference. diminishing returns to say the least. 

People swap cartridges more often, not a turntables @tzh21y  
We have more cartridges than turntables anyway, most of us
Some people have many tonearms, but not as much as the cartridges
This common practice is a proof of the importance of the cartridge (matched to a tonearm) as the main factor in analog. I know audiophiles with 1-5 turntables maximum, but with 30+ cartridges.    

 

I bought a Sweetvinyl Sugarcube SC-1. I am wondering because of the conversion to A to D and then again D to A, it there a possibility that the sound differences from different carts are not so significant anymore?

OP is asking a different question, which has only been touched on in the discussion. A simple test for the OP is to play one of their better records with and without the sugarcube inserted. Does the sound quality change ? In what way? Does the sugarcube obscure or gray-wash detail and microdynamics? If yes then you have your answer.