Does anyone care to ask an amplifier designer a technical question? My door is open.


I closed the cable and fuse thread because the trolls were making a mess of things. I hope they dont find me here.

I design Tube and Solid State power amps and preamps for Music Reference. I have a degree in Electrical Engineering, have trained my ears keenly to hear frequency response differences, distortion and pretty good at guessing SPL. Ive spent 40 years doing that as a tech, store owner, and designer.
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Perhaps someone would like to ask a question about how one designs a successfull amplifier? What determines damping factor and what damping factor does besides damping the woofer. There is an entirely different, I feel better way to look at damping and call it Regulation , which is 1/damping.

I like to tell true stories of my experience with others in this industry.

I have started a school which you can visit at http://berkeleyhifischool.com/ There you can see some of my presentations.

On YouTube go to the Music Reference channel to see how to design and build your own tube linestage. The series has over 200,000 views. You have to hit the video tab to see all.

I am not here to advertise for MR. Soon I will be making and posting more videos on YouTube. I don’t make any money off the videos, I just want to share knowledge and I hope others will share knowledge. Asking a good question is actually a display of your knowledge because you know enough to formulate a decent question.

Starting in January I plan to make these videos and post them on the HiFi school site and hosted on a new YouTube channel belonging to the school.


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@almarg Correspondingly, at my 12 foot listening distance I have measured peak SPLs on those recordings of close to 105 db, with the softest notes being in the vicinity of 50 db. I used a Radio Shack digital SPL meter for these measurements, set for C-weighting and fast response.

My speakers (Daedalus Ulysses) are rated at 97.5 db/1w/1m, and have a very flat impedance curve with a specified nominal impedance of 6 ohms. My 12 foot listening distance corresponds to 3.66 meters. Putting aside room effects for the moment I assume that SPL produced by a box-type dynamic speaker such as those falls off at 6 db per doubling of distance, which means an 11 db reduction going from 1 meter to 12 feet. I conservatively add in 3 db to reflect the presence of two speakers (as I understand it that figure will actually be closer to 6 db at my centered listening position when both speakers are producing similar signals), and I add in perhaps 3 db for “room gain.”

97.5 -11 + 3 + 3 = 92.5 db at the listening position for 1 watt per channel. Let’s call it 93 db.

I add in about 3 db of margin to the 105 db I want my amp/speaker combination to be able to produce at the listening position. So the required minimum amplifier power (into 6 ohms) is:

105 + 3 - 93 = 15 dbW (decibels above 1 watt)

15 dbW = 32 watts.


Thanks for your measurements and math. I think the math will leave most with their head swimming. Perhaps you could add some details to the steps so that others, less math inclined, might work things out. it is nice for people to know how different speakers fall off with distance. Perhaps you could write that up for us. :)

I ask for SPL both at listening position and 1 meter for two different purposes.

I want to get to know the listener and measuring at 1 meter leaves out all those other calculations. One just works off the 1 meter speaker spec and adds or subtracts. If one is 3 db higher than the speaker spec he is at 2 watts, 6 db is 4 watts, 10 db is 10 watts, 20 db is 100 watts.


@krelldreams, you should definitely try your Dynaco ST70 with the MG1.7, just to see if that gives you enough power. The RM-10 is a far better amp than the ST70, but their power output is about the same (right Roger?). But remember, a 35 watt tube amp puts out less power at the Maggies’ 4 ohm (and lower) impedance. The RM-200 doesn’t.

Another option is to have Roger make you an autoformer (maybe even build it into the amp!), to raise the impedance the RM-10 sees.

@almarg  . I recently changed to a Pass XA25, which is specified as a class A amplifier rated at 25 wpc into 8 ohms and 50 wpc into 4 ohms. Per JA’s measurements, though, it is capable of 80 and 130 wpc into those impedances. I presume that most of that increase represents the amp’s capability after leaving class A, although per JA’s comments some of the increase apparently reflects differences in the distortion percentages the ratings and measurements are based on.


I have a different take on the reason for the power disparity... simply heat. The amp got hot at 1/3 specified power of 25 watts. At 1/3 of 80 is would have shut down. I think I saw a "more later" on that from JA, but cannot now find the quote. Perhaps you can. 

I think what Pass Labs did is a sensible way to get around the FTC power test procedure.  Perhaps 25 watts is the class A region however the amp does just fine out of class A and I cannot see anything in the distortion plots that concerns me when the amp leaves class A to AB. 

Too much has been made of Class A amplifiers. Most dont know what class A involves. You could call this amp a 25 watt class A amp though its really an 80 watt, high bias AB amp that just wants to get around the FTC rule.
@bdp24  The J’s midrange (provided by the available-separately Model 80) was great by itself (unusually transparent for a cone speaker)


Thanks for reminding me the model number of the 80. For others who dont know the 80 was a full range speaker, woofer and tweeter as I recall, doing its best at being a full range, small, economical speaker.  Fulton made good sounding stuff. I don't know how but I always assumed him to be a compentent engineer with great listening skills.

He told the monkey story with a totally straight face like, Hey this really happened. We bought his wire. 

It appears you have owned some fine equipment. Nothing like we are faced with today, which is mostly marketing, jewelry and auto body finishes.  oh and bad specs. 

@fsonicsmith   And while a solid state input stage may very well offer better measurements, where is the proof that it sounds better? At the end of the day, isn’t it indisputable that it is cheaper to produce and less complicated?


Are you saying a solid state input stage is not a good idea, or doesnt sound as good, or you would not buy an amp with one?