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- 486 posts total
heaudio123 Well most of universe is a very very far distance away making measurement a bit difficult unlike our audio systems. We don’t know if our gravity equations are wrong, or our measurement of matter is wrong. >>>>Well, distance is all relative. You’re just used to very short distances. By the way we have no problem measuring anything universe. Distance is not really an issue. We can measure the mass and spin of a black hole millions of light years away, no problem. Or the source of radio signals from space as they’re doing right now. You know, like in the movie Contact. In fact, now that I think about it they can measure almost exactly the distance to the edge of the universe. Hel-loo! Now, audio is a different story since measurements oft don’t comport with listening experience. That’s the way it goes sometimes. |
No, we can’t measure the mass of a black hole millions of miles away. We can "estimate" the mass of black holes assuming all the other calculations we have about gravity at vast distances and vast masses are correct (and there are some theories that the behaviour of gravity changes with distance). It is probably best not to get all your physics from a 1973 book. By the way we have no problem measuring anything universe. Distance is not really an issue. We can measure the mass and spin of a black hole millions of light years away, no problem. Or the source of radio signals from space as they’re doing right now. And again, this is 1970's ideology, and perhaps why this tired expression is mainly used by older audiophiles with memories of low THD (and often really bad IM) 70's amplifiers. We also know more now about what distortion creates what euphonic experiences. But that is all deflection, because what we are talking about is whether a wire can carry a "signal" power or otherwise, accurately, not, because rarely do we want to have our wires add euphonic colorings to our music, say like a turntable, or NOS DAC, or some tube and solid state amps do. Now, audio is a different story since measurements oft don’t comport with listening experience. |
@heaudio123 What are you bloviating about now? From Pysics.org news, In fact, a team including University of Michigan astronomer Elena Gallo has discovered that a black hole at the center of a nearby dwarf galaxy, called NGC 4395, is about 40 times smaller than previously thought. Their findings are published in the journal Nature Astronomy. Currently, astronomers believe that supermassive black holes sit at the center of every galaxy as massive as or larger than the Milky Way. But they’re curious about black holes in smaller galaxies such as NGC 4395 as well. Knowing the mass of the black hole at the center of NGC 4395—and being able to measure it accurately—can help astronomers apply these techniques to other black holes. "The question remains open for small or dwarf galaxies: Do these galaxies have black holes, and if they do, do they scale the same way as supermassive black holes?" Gallo said. "Answering these questions might help us understand the very mechanism through which these monster black holes were assembled when the universe was in its infancy." To determine the mass of NGC’s black hole, Gallo and her fellow researchers employed reverberation mapping. This technique measures mass by monitoring radiation thrown off by what’s called an accretion disk around the black hole. An accretion disk is a mass of matter collected by the gravitational pull of black holes. As radiation travels outward from this accretion disk, it passes through another cloud of material farther out from the black hole that’s more diffuse than the accretion disk. This area is called the broad-line region. When the radiation hits gas in the broad-line region, it causes atoms in it to undergo a transition. This means that the radiation bumps an electron out of the shell of an atom of hydrogen, for example, causing the atom to occupy a more energetic level of the atom. After the radiation passes, the atom settles back into its previous state. Astronomers can image this transition, which looks like a flash of brightness. Light echo measured from the central black hole in a dwarf galaxy NGC 4395. The time delay between the continuum from the black hole’s accretion disk (blue light curve) and the hydrogen emission from orbiting gas clouds (red light curve) is measured as ~80 min., providing the light travel time from the black hole to the gas emission region. Credit for NGC 4395 image: Adam Block/Mount Lemmon SkyCenter/University of Arizona. Credit for accretion disk illustration: NASA/Chandra X-ray Observatory/M. Weiss.By measuring how long it takes for the accretion disk radiation to hit the broad-line region and cause these flashes, the astronomers can estimate how far the broad-line region is from the black hole. Using this information, they can then calculate the black hole’s mass. "The distance is thought to depend on the black hole mass," Gallo said. "The larger the black hole, the larger the distance and the longer you expect for light to be emitted from the accretion disk to hit the broad-line region." Using data from the MDM Observatory, the astronomers calculated that it took about 83 minutes, give or take 14 minutes, for radiation to reach the broad-line region from the accretion disk. To calculate the black hole mass, they also had to measure the intrinsic speed of the broad-line region, which is the speed at which the region cloud is moving under the influence of the black hole gravity. To do this, they took a high-quality spectrum with the GMOS spectrometer on GEMINI North telescope. By knowing this number, the speed of the broad-line region, the speed of light and what’s called the gravitational constant, or a measure of gravitational force, the astronomers were able to determine that the black hole’s mass was about 10,000 times the mass of our sun—about 40 times lighter than previously thought. This is also the smallest black hole found via reverberation mapping. |
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