It’s not a 32bit ESS dac it’s a NOS R2R dac so yes even "bit stripping" could have been the biggest factor as well now you’ve bought it up, with 4v!!! output because of volume being set too low. His amps only need 1.2v for full output!!
From the manual total gain setting switches of the output V at full volume which he probably didn’t open it up to do .
Attenuation switches: Depending the input sensitivity of the used power amplifier the output of the Adagio can be reduced with -10dB.
Cheers George