I'd be very surprised if any damage were to result. The only way I can envision damage occurring would be if the cable connected one of the two signals in the balanced signal pair (which would be on XLR pins 2 and 3) to ground (XLR pin 1), which would be highly unusual and probably indicative of a defect, AND if the output circuit of the component driving the cable could not tolerate a short to ground (despite the current limiting effect of its 110 ohm output impedance).
If you have a multimeter, or convenient access to one, you could easily check the cable for shorts (and open connections as well).
Regards,
-- Al