:) Yes- damping factor is different from "output impedance" in that it gives you an idea of the servo performance of the circuit, it it has any.
Unsound, what you see from that graph is the woofer driver in a box, combined with the impedance curve of the ESL. The Aerius is a hybrid speaker. Interestingly, we also see that as ML speakers go, this one is less severe, dropping to a fairly manageable 2 ohms at 20KHz.
If I can draw your attention to the letter that is appended to this article, you can see from it why the ZERO works as well as it does, effectively lowering the output impedance of a zero feedback tube amplifier into the range where it might conform with the parameters laid out in the letter.
The response plots initially do seem to suggest that the speaker is Voltage Paradigm, since such amplifiers seem capable of producing flat frequency response. I feel its important to point out that the amplifiers in question all show a peak in response as I forecast, which seems to start up at about 7KHz, and increasing with frequency as the impedance of the speaker continues to drop.
Since the ear can hear a change in a spectrum of frequencies much better that it can with a single frequency, we now see that there is a correlation between the measurements and subjective listening experience wherein the amplifiers are causing the speaker to have brightness on the top end.
As I have mentioned before, this is a common complaint when combining ESLs and transistors.
The whole point of the Voltage Paradigm when it was proposed way back in the late 1950s and into the 1960s was that it would eliminate tonal coloration due to frequency response errors. What we see from these measurements is that isn't happening.
Now the Power Paradigm does not make any such guarantee. Instead, it seeks to keep the kinds of distortion to which the ear is most sensitive to a minimum. This is does because the ear translates such distortions to tonality, the idea being that there is a tipping point in the brain where the tonality of distortion can be more pronounced than actual frequency response errors. If this pans out correctly, it may well mean that the result will seem more linear, even when the frequency response does not seem to be quite as flat.
IOW, this whole thing has to do with how we perceive sound as opposed to how we measure it. Its a classic argument, and as I pointed out in my article about the Voltage and Power Paradigms (http://www.atma-sphere.com/Resources/Paradigms_in_Amplifier_Design.php) this argument has been around ever since the Voltage Paradigm was introduced.
Unsound, what you see from that graph is the woofer driver in a box, combined with the impedance curve of the ESL. The Aerius is a hybrid speaker. Interestingly, we also see that as ML speakers go, this one is less severe, dropping to a fairly manageable 2 ohms at 20KHz.
If I can draw your attention to the letter that is appended to this article, you can see from it why the ZERO works as well as it does, effectively lowering the output impedance of a zero feedback tube amplifier into the range where it might conform with the parameters laid out in the letter.
The response plots initially do seem to suggest that the speaker is Voltage Paradigm, since such amplifiers seem capable of producing flat frequency response. I feel its important to point out that the amplifiers in question all show a peak in response as I forecast, which seems to start up at about 7KHz, and increasing with frequency as the impedance of the speaker continues to drop.
Since the ear can hear a change in a spectrum of frequencies much better that it can with a single frequency, we now see that there is a correlation between the measurements and subjective listening experience wherein the amplifiers are causing the speaker to have brightness on the top end.
As I have mentioned before, this is a common complaint when combining ESLs and transistors.
The whole point of the Voltage Paradigm when it was proposed way back in the late 1950s and into the 1960s was that it would eliminate tonal coloration due to frequency response errors. What we see from these measurements is that isn't happening.
Now the Power Paradigm does not make any such guarantee. Instead, it seeks to keep the kinds of distortion to which the ear is most sensitive to a minimum. This is does because the ear translates such distortions to tonality, the idea being that there is a tipping point in the brain where the tonality of distortion can be more pronounced than actual frequency response errors. If this pans out correctly, it may well mean that the result will seem more linear, even when the frequency response does not seem to be quite as flat.
IOW, this whole thing has to do with how we perceive sound as opposed to how we measure it. Its a classic argument, and as I pointed out in my article about the Voltage and Power Paradigms (http://www.atma-sphere.com/Resources/Paradigms_in_Amplifier_Design.php) this argument has been around ever since the Voltage Paradigm was introduced.
