I am assuming, perhaps incorrectly, that I need to move the armboard until the spindle to pivot distance matches, or gets very close to, the manufacturer's recommendations, then I can tighten down the screw to keep the armboard in place and go on to align the cartridge with a protractor.Correct. The tonearm must be mounted with the correct S2P distance before the cartridge is mounted using an arc protractor specified for 294.1mm S2P distance.
Also, when using the caliper to measure the S2P distance, take the arm wand off and measure to base pivot point. This will eliminate the possibility of damage, plus you will create a more level measuring distance (if the spindle point and pivot point are not level, your measured S2P distance will be slightly off)