Ultralinear vs. Triode vs. SET

If the amp is ultra-linear then its not the kind of amp Trelja was referring to. An example of that is the Citation 2 made by Harmon Kardon.

Now its a simple fact that pentodes, left to their own devices, are not very linear. So you usually have to do *something* as they won't otherwise be hifi. So you either run an ultralinear circuit, loop feedback, cross-coupled cathodes or maybe even all three.

Cathode cross-couping has not been mentioned so far, but works very similar to ultralinear operation. This is a local feedback technique that involves the secondary of the transformer and the cathodes of the power tubes. The technique was first used in the Leslie speaker cabinets for Hammond organs in the 1950s, and has been used in most ARC amplifiers made. You can get enough linearity using this technique that you don't have to use loop feedback.

Thanks Ralph, that's what I meant to ask about "pentode"
operation. By the way, can someone explain tetrode [?]
operation - I often see that word used. Is this yet another
possible tube application?

Paul, I will preface my answer with the statement that due to the breadth of the hobby, one would think there are more pure pentode push-pull amplifiers available than I know of. But, the only two I can say with certainty are the legendary Quad II, introduced in the 1950s/reissued in the past decade, and the Audio Note (probably the most SET devoted tube amplifier manufacturer) L4 EL34 kit. For differing reasons, however, neither make much power. Obviously, we can all rattle off a list of current UL or triode tube amplifiers as long as a gorilla's arm.

The famous Scott 299 and later variants of the more ubiquitous 222 employed pentode operation. The evolution of the latter, in shifting from ultralinear to pentode, infers some definitive rationale.

Interestingly, the Quad II features the cathode cross-coupling Ralph touched on. Coming from a man who threw around such compliments like manhole covers, Bud Fried's oft repeated statement, "Peter Walker had a first rate mind" is indeed high praise. I'm not sure if their original design, the postwar Quad I did or did not; I don't know much about that product. My Jadis DA30 and DA60 (but not my JOR) do as well, though one could argue it's a slight bit different.

Larryi, the issue your friend described regarding PSE design is the common criticism of the topology. Still, my feelings mirror yours regarding your amp, I like the end result - the sound.

Being the former importer, I was fortunate enough to extensively compare three versions of a commercial 300B based amp: an 8 watt SET, a 15 watt PSE, and a 20 watt PP. Echoing my previous post, the SET simply did not have enough power to partner with a full range loudspeaker. The PSE gave up a little in the way of why people become smitten with SET, and though I still felt it was power shy, some disagreed. The PP was arguably adequate in terms of power, but a lot of the magic was sacrificed. Still, as I mentioned, the triode push-pull option is often an excellent one. In fact, of the line I represented, I felt their lowly, overlooked, affordable 11 wpc PP 2A3 was one of their best products regardless of price or status.

One huge point which needs to go along with any discussion of amplifiers is that a system truly represents a marriage between amplifier and loudspeaker. Of the different types of loudspeakers I have - typical ported dynamic, planar, front-loaded horn, backloaded horn, and true TL (I cannot speak to ribbons such as the Apogee), some of the partnering amplifiers I have/had (SET, PSE, OTL, PP triode, UL, or pentode, and SS) can drive them well, some can't. The ability to put power into a loudspeaker often transcends WPC or the loudspeaker's published sensitivity and impedance specifications.

"The ability to put power into a loudspeaker often transcends WPC or the loudspeaker's published sensitivity and impedance specifications." Amen.

I noticed this when I finally decided move from the 8ohm tap to the 4 ohm tap of my Music Reference RM10 MKII (Ultralinear P/P. A/B) to drive my Merlin VSMs. I thought I was on the lower limit of power (35watts) to drive the Merlins, though plenty loud! By switching to the 4ohm tap (light loading), the power was reduced by 20% (down to 27 watts), yet darn if it did not sound better, had better, more articulate bass, and better transient attack. Perhaps fewer watts, but apparently less distortion, and more current available for transients. The amp was more in sync with the speaker.

Paul, I suspect that the lower output impedance/higher damping factor of the 4 ohm tap (probably a factor of 2 different compared to the 8 ohm tap) was also a significant contributor to the differences you heard. That would be particularly so because your speakers, like a lot of others, have very wide impedance swings in the bass region, iirc.

Best regards,
-- Al