Best solvent to clean Vibrapod marks?

I suspect that toluene or xylene will work but be very careful as both are quite flammable.

Avoid skin exposure as well.

I'm afraid you're screwed. Rubber and many like products do not play well with wood finishes. Seems to be some type of chemical reaction which melts the rubber and fuses it to the wood finish, ruining the finish and even the surrounding area. Bummer. Ruined a nice sideboard cabinet top with some stupid rubber-like feet on a stupid amp stand. Now if I have to set feet like this on wood I put a small piece of packing tape on the bottom of the feet to isolate the rubber from the wood finish. You'll need to refinish the entire surface. Bummer.

Afterthought to my first post.

Toluene and xylene are very agressive solvents and may attack the coating/finish on your wood.

So if the wood has a topcoat, test a very very small area first. If the wood does not have a polyurethane or varnish finish, you have nothing to lose.

Try WD40. It will remove some rubber based items & not harm the product you are working with.
Good luck, John