i will admit that this discussion is out of proportion to the importance of the topic, however, i wish to comment upon my position of the inadmissibility of scientific knowledge..
any "theories" based upon observation cannot be proven mathematically.
such theories or as one would call them "empirically-based knowledge", are based upon inductive reasoning, which cannot be proven with certainty.
knowledge implies truth, implies certainty.
newton's theory of gravity is a stochastic phenomenon. there is some very small probability that some event in the future may contradict it, although, to date it has not happened.
this subject requires a semester of philosophy, so i will say no more.
i think i should have majored in philosophy and gone for a phd and then decided to teach.