Amplifier stability with very low impedance, high efficiency mid/tweeter section???


I've been looking for this information everywhere but can't seem to find a clear cut answer.  I understand that a very low minimum impedance like 2Ohms is a very difficult task for most amplifiers to drive and may even damage it.  But it's also my understanding that this is a current, not a voltage problem.  In other words, say we had an MTM speaker that was used ONLY as a midrange from 200hz up, so it wouldn't have to play bass where most current is required.  And say it also has a very high efficiency of 97db but also a very low impedance of 2 ohms.  Would this be a problem for most amps?  Could it damage the speakers? I'm thinking no since the amplifier wouldn't have to put out much voltage or current to output sufficient SPL.  But what's the actual answer????

poseidon1500

The answer is a little more complicated and it lies in understanding exactly what an audio amplifier is.

The so-called power amplifier is actually a voltage multiplier with enough current so that the voltage multiplication remains consistent while driving speakers. In other words, a voltage, not power, amplifier.

And the difference between an ideal amp and a real amplifier is in the output impedance of the amplifier. Think of this as a relatively small resistance that happens right before the amp’s speaker terminal. A lot of otherwise very beefy amps have a lower output impedance at low frequencies rather than high. Usually that’s fine. Most speakers have lower impedance in the bass and this works well.

But take an ESL, which may be 4 Ohms in the low range and 1/3 of an Ohm at the top. The combination of rising output impedance and dropping speaker impedance cause the amp to no longer give a flat frequency response. You lose treble.

Sometimes we hear this problem well in the bass. Take a speaker that drops to 3-ish Ohms in the 100 Hz range. Quite typical for 2 1/2 way speakers or speakers with multiple bass drivers. The less sturdy the amp is, the more the output voltage starts to track the speaker impedance and we are left with a loss in the lower mid bass.

So, best case is that your amp’s output will track the speaker impedance, dropping as impedance drops.  Worst case is that the combination of output and speaker impedance at the top end plus the power requirements cause too much power to be dissipated in the output devices and you'll let the smoke out.

 

Thanks Erik.  But I'm still not sure I understand and maybe I won't.  Are you saying that driving a high efficiency low impedance mid/tweeter section will be no easier for the amplifier than driving a full range lower efficiency speaker that dips to a similarly low impedance in the bass?  (assume we're talking about cone/dome speakers, not ESLs/panels etc)

Think of this another way.

 

You have multiple gates you must pass.  You have absolute maximum current and voltage swings which the amplifier can output before failure, or power supply exhaustion.

So you solve those issues by making sure the output never exceeds either.  OK, but then the issue is, is the output flat?  Unless the amplifier has a very low output impedance and the driven impedance is very flat, probably not.

Here is a typical measurement from a tube amplifier:

https://www.stereophile.com/content/doshi-audio-evolution-monoblock-power-amplifier-measurements

Take a look at the black line which is the amp output with a simulated speaker load. As you see, the output tracks the speaker impedance. The ratio between the speaker impedance and the amplifier’s output impedance (i.e. damping factor) determines how pronounced that deviation is.