Dear @inna : First than all you need to own not only a first rate tonearm and phonolinepreamp but a true high room/system resolution and you need to be a experienced listener of live MUSIC and that your room/system try to even that live MUSIC main characteristics..
Even than not always a 10K cartridge overall beats a 5K cartridge.
However the @dwette expereience is a good one thatI experienced and yes the Atlas outperform the really goodXV 1s.
The other example with the Etsuro Gold is not exactly a superior one to say Umami Blue.
There are cartridges that are more consistent in that $ superiority as are the Lyra and Ortofon but severall $$$$ are overrated only because its high $$$$.
@carlsbad2 I think that almost no one , at least I can´t , can really be aware of a 5% difference in quality of two diferent cartridges about its quality level not say the 1% of your example.
Btw, I own vintage ridiculous prices that outperform 5K to 10K cartridges by a wide margin.
The OP question is not an easy one to answer with a " yes or no " because is surrounded of all the room/system links but even " everything the same " is a little complex to give a true clear winner.
Regards and enjoy the MUSIC NOT DISTORTIONS,
R.