There aren't many truly differential balanced CD players, but Audio Research makes them. The CD-3 or CD-3SE come to mind, both of which are in your price range if purchased used, but aside from digital outputs, they lack the other features you seek.
One important feature that they do have is the Phillips Pro transport - if you want a CD player that's going to last, something with the Phillips Pro or Esoteric (very expensive) transport is what you should look for.
One important feature that they do have is the Phillips Pro transport - if you want a CD player that's going to last, something with the Phillips Pro or Esoteric (very expensive) transport is what you should look for.