The Physics of Electricity


Can anyone explain clearly in either common parlance or technical terms the difference between a $1,000.00 cable and/or speaker wire versus a $20.00 (or so) one? What does wire "do" in an expensive cable/wire that an inexpensive cable/wire does not? Does it conduct more or "better" electricity?
llanger
How many of you have actually compared sets of cables? I'm curious because so many people have strong opinions about cables, yet it seems an awful lot of those opinions have been formed by reading others' comments or simply one's own hunches.

I ask whether you have conducted comparisons between entire sets of cables since that is the most effective way to hear distinct differences between cables, and to hear them as the designer intended, as a network for the components. Piecing together such a network one cable at a time would, I believe, for those with some hearing loss, prove futile as they might not hear the distinctiveness of the individual cable. However, swapping entire sets proves so different in sound that it is likely even those with some hearing loss would still catch that difference.

My guess is the large majority of audiophiles have not done so. Many mix and match, which effectively kills any legitimate comparison, not knowing precisely what any given cable is doing. Others likely don't want to spend the money, take the time, etc. to conduct such comparisons. I would not be surprised if less than 10-15% of audiophiles actually conduct such comparisons. If so that would explain the ongoing failure to reach any consensus about cabling.

It's easy to sit and theorize or pontificate about topics like cables. It costs more (at least temporarily while dollars are tied up with extra cables) and takes more effort to do comparisons of entire sets. Therefore, most people don't do it. Simply put, that is one reason why most people are nowhwere near their best sound, despite their perception that they are. A fair number of audiophiles are simply cheapskates, concluding that they can have near SOTA sound with very little input monetarily. They glom onto the belief that wires are wires because it's more comfortable to avoid considering a heavy expense for something deemed uneccessary. I used to be that way and used all the arguments in existence for not considering cables as a serious component. It was not until I actually DID comparisons that I was proven wrong. This all occurred prior to reviewing, so there was no vested interest in the decision. I tied up thousands of dollars temporarily in securing sets of cables to compare. THAT was the definitive breakthrouh which redefined my understanding of cables. It also took me from being a hack stereophile to a serious system builder.

Steve, I disagree with your comment regarding conductors. Part of my analysis in review of the Wire World cables was comparison between identical geometries and total gauge but differing conductor materials (copper vs. silver ofc); sizable difference in performance. I would never recommend that the serious audiophile neglect conductor material in exploration of cables. Briefly, I have consistently found that silver conductors are typically "thinner" sounding, very detailed but lacking in some tonal richness and macrodynamic weight, having some affinity to SET amplification. Copper conductors are typically more robust sounding, having more macrodynamic weight/slam, a darker or more robust character but sometimes might be considered not pristine enough or not detailed enough.

There is a huge performance spectrum between makers of cables of either conductor type. One cannot assume that because a favorite cable maker has a great copper conductor cable the silver will also impress or vice versa. One simply has to compare to know.

In the end all theoretical discussion proves impotent to improve a rig. Those who summon the money and the time to make comparisons of entire sets of cables are those who will advance the most in the establishment of their rig. The payoff is a system with utterly enchanting sound, quality of experience beyond what was deemed possible.

It does not take much effort to look up websites like Shunyata, MIT, etc. who offer some data regarding their designs. I have also found that those who don't want to seriously consider cables will readily dismiss such data/findings. That, then, leaves us back at the first square, which is: Are you going to actually conduct some comparisions or not? If not, then there's little of practical benefit in chewing over the theory when such simple means of confirmation/disproof is readily available.

Even after several reviews of technical nature with cable manufacturers they will all admit that there are aspects of cable design where things are influenced sonically but we can't "prove" why they are influenced. Perhaps one aspect of design can be isolated, i.e. dielectric or conductor material, but as of yet no one has been able to measure the hyper-sensitive differences which the marvelously designed ear can detect. So, if you're looking for a cut and dried answer prior to exploring/experimenting with cables, it'll be a long wait. I suggest you get practical with the issue, because your system will not improve until you do. :)
I was going to edit the post briefly, but there seems to be a glitch somewhere which does not allow it at times;

I ammend thus: Rather than suggest thinness in sound like SET amps, read some poorer SET amps. Also my concluding thought is too strong. One can certainly improve their rig via other means, but will likely remain hindered if the quality of the cabling is not explored.
Can anyone explain clearly in either common parlance or technical terms the difference between a $1,000.00 cable and/or speaker wire versus a $20.00 (or so) one? What does wire "do" in an expensive cable/wire that an inexpensive cable/wire does not? Does it conduct more or "better" electricity?
Llanger
I'm surprised that with 39 responses, no one explained the difference between mains electricity and electronics. Power cords and power lines are built to transmit mains electricity. In the US, this is electrical current that alternates at 60 Hz, and is kept at a narrow range of voltage ideally from 110 to 120 VAC.

Electronics, on the other hand, is an elaborate system with the use of a combination of devices (e.g., diodes, triodes, resistors, capacitors, etc.) to amplify voltage fluctuations (which are known as *signals*) to perform tasks. In simple electronics rudimental signals trip a relay, close a switch, adjust temperature, etc. The task of signal transmission in audio is far more sophisticated. The musical performance is encoded to represent all the notes, all the frequencies of the instruments' and voices' overtones, the amplitude of each note, and the tempo at which these notes are played. There is a separate encoding and fluctuation for each of these.

Wire for electricity has very few requirements--it has to have low resistance, be able to transmit lots of current, and be insulated so it doesn't cause short circuits or electrocute the user.

Audio signal cables (interconnects and speaker cables) have a much more complicated job. Ideally they must convey all the various signals (which are minute voltage fluctuations) in time with one another (with the challenge that signal speed varies with frequency), keep the amplitude of each accurate, minimize (ideally prevent) signals from being absorbed by the dielectric to be released back into the signal path later, and have near perfect rise time (which requires frequency response somewhere past 1 GHz). High end audio cable is optimized for signal transfer of all frequencies. It is more challenging to optimize all audio frequencies to travel coherently for ultimate audio signal performance than it is to deliver up to 15 amperes at a constant 115 volts AC.

Even a power cord for an audio component has requirements that general power cord does not--you want to provide as consistent and noise-free power provided to the components as possible. To that end, high end power cords are wound, shielded, and/or woven to reject noise in the electrical lines that can degrade the sound quality of the component receiving the "dirty" sound.

So there's your basic answer. The primary job of electrical wire is to transmit a relatively narrow range of electrical power at a fixed voltage. The primary job of audio cables is to transmit an incredibly complex time-dependent array of electronic signals covering ten octaves of frequencies while rejecting electrical noise that can compromise the musical aspects of the signal quality when it reaches its destination--loudspeakers.
06-24-11: Johnnyb53
Ideally they must convey all the various signals (which are minute voltage fluctuations) in time with one another (with the challenge that signal speed varies with frequency), keep the amplitude of each accurate, minimize (ideally prevent) signals from being absorbed by the dielectric to be released back into the signal path later, and have near perfect rise time (which requires frequency response somewhere past 1 GHz).
Johnnyb53, while your well written post is, IMO, completely correct from a qualitative standpoint (i.e., if quantitative considerations are ignored), as I've mentioned in response to similar posts you've made in the past it is incorrect and misleading quantitatively.

Risetime need only be fast enough to not have audible effects within the frequency range of human hearing. As you know, that is nominally considered to be 20kHz, but even if we apply a huge margin to that figure, 1GHz is still thousands of times faster than necessary.

Furthermore, it is thousands of times faster than the bandwidths of the speakers, the source material, the source component, most electronic components, as well as our ears, so even if cable bandwidth were vastly lower than 1GHz, and cable risetime correspondingly slower, it would not affect overall system bandwidth and risetime to more than an infinitesimal degree.

Finally, I would maintain that for reasonable cable lengths the claimed need for time alignment is speculative at best, as even the audible frequency having the slowest propagation speed (20Hz) still propagates through wires at approximately 5 million meters per second (with the propagation speed of higher frequencies approaching the speed of light). See Figure 2 of this reference.

Regards,
-- Al
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