Depending on the cartridge, a VPI classic can out-dynamic, out-detail and out-nuance even a really good CD.
But I think the OP might be looking for a DAC. Use the existing CD player and coax connect into the DAC.
Lots of used DACs here, on ebay and elsewhere. Some of those are probably reasonably satisfying. But that they are for sale doesn't speak very highly of them since it seems their owners weren't satisfied with their performance and wanted something else.