To answer the OP's question, if you discount synthesizers and other electronic devices, I would have to say it was the saxophone, invented by the Belgian instrument maker Adolphe Sax in the early 1840s and was patented on 28 June 1846. A very serious instrument.
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The hi-hat (1930) changed drumming forever.
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Pedal steel guitar, synths, electric piano, clavinet and Hammond/Leslie organ.
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How about: "Generally, the invention of truly novel instruments has slowed down since the 20th century. However, there are still interesting developments:
Recent inventions:
- The steelpan: This unique percussion instrument, born in Trinidad and Tobago in the early 20th century, is considered the only widely used acoustic instrument invented in that timeframe.
- Electronic instruments: The rise of electronic music in the 20th and 21st centuries has led to a constant stream of new electronic instruments, like the synthesizer, the sampler, and various digital controllers. These are constantly evolving and pushing the boundaries of sound creation.
- Experimental instruments: Many composers and musicians are constantly experimenting with new ways to create sound, pushing the boundaries of what constitutes a "musical instrument." These can be unique combinations of existing instruments, modified versions, or entirely new designs.
Factors to consider:
- Adoption and widespread use: While new instruments are constantly being invented, not all gain widespread adoption and become "serious" instruments in the traditional sense.
- Evolution of existing instruments: Many "new" instruments are often variations or adaptations of existing ones, making it harder to pinpoint a specific invention date."
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