Regarding CA-03, I'm assuming the attenuator version doesn't add any gain, so it's cleaner sounding with better signal-to-noise ratio. If you tend to listen mostly at low volume then this version would be great. But if you like to pump it up at times, you might want to go with volume version, which I'm sure would sound pretty amazing too.
Either version of CA-03 will work with you Denon DL-103R. No need for a SUT. Just set the back switch to 100 ohms.
You are correct, CA-04 is just line-level preamp without the phono stage. You would need an external phono preamp with this choice. SUTs only bring low MC signals up to phono level NOT line level. They cannot work by plugging them into line-level inputs. SUTs need to be plugged into "phono" inputs. That said, if you do buy an external phono stage make sure it can accept MC cartridges or you will have to also buy a SUT.
Yes, you can plug the Airport into the AUX on the new preamp, just as you use the AUX on the Sansui.