I think you got most of the info you need already, but let's put it in context. An amp has a maximum output level it can provide. Think of it as an electrical volume. The larger the amplification factor -- (multiplies the input signal to get output, for example 1V input with 2X gain (amplification) means 2V output) -- the smaller the input must be so the output is not exceeded.
So this is stable of "gains" whcih is the amplification factor expressed in decibels. At various gains they provided the largest output voltage in mV it can handle. You cna look up your cartridge's output max and make sure it is lower (bro not too much or the volume will be low).
Phono amps are a tradeoff of gain, noise, and overload all the time. Drove me nuts until I got my few recipes.
To put real numbers on this, one listing is 40dB, which is 100X. The maximum input they list is 90mV (0.09V). We can then infer the overload output level is 0.09 X 100 = 9V.