Help me build a $2,500 system

You’ll probably get 20 different answers to this question.

If you enjoy having multiple components and cables that you can continue to upgrade, buy separates.  I’m one of those guys who likes to change out and tweak my systems. 

If you want to go an all in one solution, Dynaudio Xeo 20 with a sub might be something to look at.  I’d recommend Kef LS50W’s and sub but I feel the Dynaudios are more reliable.  

The Xeo 20’s and the project debut with a $200 phono amp would be close to budget.  Add sub later...

I’m thinking about it now and I don’t know how I’d divide up $2500 for an amp, preamp, dac, speakers, cables, project debut, phono preamp...  Parasound Halo integrated (?)  used for $1600 and $1000 for speakers...blue jeans cables which you can upgrade later

Look at new Schiit Sol and Mani phono amp for your turntable. 

I agree with keeping the CD player and DAC. I would invest in a used, however recent vintage integrated amp with phonostage. Search out speakers that are not difficult to drive, thus saving money on amplification.

As an alternative you might check out the Yamaha A-S801 integrated amplifier.  A full function integrated that will serve vinyl and digital sources. 

One aspect to getting the most for your money is to build your own speakers, if you have the ability. I have been doing it for years, and have enjoyed sound far beyond the cost of this effort.
 Also, as probably mentioned, buy good used equipment. 

 Buy used, to stretch your dollar. Buy 1 component at a time to allow for better quality components. Over time, you’ll end up with a killer system. As you buy each component you’ll have a better sense of what’s next and what you want, rather than buying a bunch of stuff that you’ll later regret. Don’t spend money on cables initially - get BlueJeans cables. You’d have to spend a lot more money and it would still be unclear if you were doing better than BlueJeans. Focus on speakers and/or amplification first. If you have decent speakers, get a nice integrated amp, if not spend the 2.5k on a good pair of tower speakers. Speakers have the greatest impact on sound, so get them right and They will last you decades. Also consider sound treatments and room correction below 300Hz -  either using a MiniDSP, or an AVR. I would do a 2017 or 2018 year Marantz avr on closeout pricing. They have preouts, so you can always add a good amp to it at a later date (maybe 6012 or 5013 for around $500 if you can find it)

The purists will scoff at the idea of room correction, however none of us live in ideal rooms, and the sound is being affected and degraded by the room, so thinking of untreated sound as being pure is a fallacy to begin with.if you ignore all the concerns and pay attention to the results, you may be pleasantly surprised.