If you have one very good new set of XLR cables and one older but still good set, the best placement depends on your system’s signal chain.
Between the Source and Preamp: This is often the most critical connection because the signal is at its lowest level before amplification. Any improvements in shielding, conductivity, or overall cable quality will have the most noticeable impact here.
Between the Preamp and Power Amp: The signal is already amplified at this stage, so while cable quality still matters, it may have a slightly reduced impact compared to the source-preamp link.
Start by placing the better cables between the source and preamp and evaluate the sound. If the difference isn’t significant, try them between the preamp and power amp.
Let your ears decide!